- 目錄
第1篇 如何寫(xiě)英語(yǔ)演講稿
“臺(tái)上十分鐘,臺(tái)下十年功”,用這句話(huà)來(lái)形容演講前的準(zhǔn)備工作十分貼切。優(yōu)秀演講者除了要有口才、學(xué)識(shí)、品德和穩(wěn)定的心理素質(zhì)外,在每一次演講前都要進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的準(zhǔn)備,深入了解聽(tīng)眾、廣泛收集材料、寫(xiě)好演講稿、反復(fù)演練等。其中演講稿的撰寫(xiě)是關(guān)鍵,寫(xiě)好演講稿可以幫助演講者加深對(duì)主題、內(nèi)容的理解和熟悉,理清思路,增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言表現(xiàn)力,恰當(dāng)掌握演講時(shí)間,使演講者心中有數(shù),有助于打消緊張情緒。
寫(xiě)好演講稿要注意以下幾點(diǎn):
一、根據(jù)聽(tīng)眾特點(diǎn)確定演講內(nèi)容
演講是講給人聽(tīng)的,聽(tīng)眾聽(tīng)得懂、喜歡聽(tīng)才能有助于演講目的的實(shí)現(xiàn)。聽(tīng)眾渴望了解的是他們關(guān)心的問(wèn)題,對(duì)其工作生活有指導(dǎo)價(jià)值的知識(shí)和信息,因此演講者的選題應(yīng)從聽(tīng)眾的心理需求出發(fā),這能縮短演講者與聽(tīng)眾間的心理距離,獲得支持。了解聽(tīng)眾首先要了解聽(tīng)眾的身份階層、文化層次、職業(yè)、年齡等,這些因素會(huì)影響聽(tīng)眾的理解能力、語(yǔ)言感知能力;其次要了解聽(tīng)眾心的焦點(diǎn),有時(shí)一場(chǎng)演講的聽(tīng)眾成百上千,難免各有所思各有所想,性格、心態(tài)各不相同,但在某種特定的場(chǎng)合下,比如一個(gè)非常的時(shí)代、某個(gè)特殊意義的時(shí)刻、某種特定的情景等,人們所關(guān)心的焦點(diǎn)往往會(huì)比較集中地落在一個(gè)問(wèn)題上而暫時(shí)統(tǒng)一了愿望和要求,那么演講者就應(yīng)該因地制宜、有的放矢。
二、提練主題深刻之情
主題是演講稿的統(tǒng)帥,演講主題的提練應(yīng)本著使人獲益的原則,那種空洞膚淺或主題擁塞演講會(huì)令人生厭的。演講主題應(yīng)是演講者的真知灼見(jiàn),才能吸引聽(tīng)眾,使人獲益。然而演講者的真知灼見(jiàn)又是來(lái)源于廣博的生活的,因此提練主題還應(yīng)善于對(duì)生活進(jìn)行升華,能夠以小見(jiàn)大、從平凡中見(jiàn)精神,由細(xì)小中見(jiàn)偉奇,善于挖掘社會(huì)現(xiàn)象中所隱含的人生哲理、客觀規(guī)律,善于從一個(gè)比較新奇的角度去切入生活的實(shí)質(zhì),在一個(gè)更高的高度上去觀察生活、思索現(xiàn)實(shí)。
三、材料充實(shí)新穎感人
寫(xiě)文章要求選擇材料要圍繞主旨、典型真實(shí),演講稿的寫(xiě)作也不例外。但演講作為一種特殊的語(yǔ)言活動(dòng),要求其材料要符合演講的鼓動(dòng)性、針對(duì)性、情感性等特征。此外,演講選擇材料要多準(zhǔn)備幾套,有備無(wú)患,以便臨場(chǎng)應(yīng)變,留有增減的余地。
(四)舊事新議賦予人們所熟悉的事物以新意或從一個(gè)新的角度來(lái)議論一個(gè)舊話(huà)題能激發(fā)起聽(tīng)眾的興趣。演講材料切忌陳詞濫調(diào)。
四、結(jié)構(gòu)跌宕勢(shì)如破行
結(jié)構(gòu)即是根據(jù)某種需要把散亂的材料有條理有邏輯地組織起來(lái),使材料之間相輔相成,構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的有機(jī)體。而演講結(jié)構(gòu)即是以掀起聽(tīng)眾的情感波瀾為宗旨,巧妙地安排論點(diǎn)材料,以便做到層次清晰、循序漸進(jìn),自始至終吸引住聽(tīng)眾。
(一)開(kāi)頭引人入勝。
萬(wàn)事開(kāi)頭難,演講的開(kāi)頭更是如此,因?yàn)樗鼡?dān)負(fù)著極其重要的任務(wù),好的開(kāi)頭能鎮(zhèn)定紛亂的會(huì)場(chǎng)、集中聽(tīng)眾的注意力,還能導(dǎo)入主題、定下基調(diào),把聽(tīng)眾帶入演講者需要的氣氛中去。因此對(duì)于演講的開(kāi)頭應(yīng)精心設(shè)計(jì),力求引人入勝。演講如何開(kāi)頭應(yīng)根據(jù)演講內(nèi)容、演講風(fēng)格、聽(tīng)眾心理、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)情況等因素來(lái)確定,或開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山揭示論點(diǎn)、或提出問(wèn)題引人思考、或名言警句發(fā)表高論、或善于抒情創(chuàng)造意境、或描繪敘述形象生動(dòng)等等,方式方法不勝枚舉,目的都是要吸引聽(tīng)眾。
(二)主體扣人心弦
主體部分是回答問(wèn)題、鞏固成果的階段。這一部分不能空洞,應(yīng)以充實(shí)的材料充分展開(kāi),深入挖掘主題、廣泛闡述道理,保持開(kāi)端造成的聲勢(shì),環(huán)環(huán)相接、扣人心弦。主體部分的材料安排應(yīng)注意形成內(nèi)在情感的節(jié)奏感,即通過(guò)由淺入深的論述層層推進(jìn)聽(tīng)眾的情感。安排材料時(shí)還應(yīng)將典型的突出的事例詳寫(xiě),一般性的材料作為輔助略寫(xiě),詳略相間,造在情感的張弛回旋。主體部分的材料應(yīng)多姿多彩,正反相照、深淺相兼、觸類(lèi)旁通,不可單調(diào)呆,才會(huì)顯得起伏轉(zhuǎn)折、處處有景,時(shí)刻吸引住聽(tīng)眾。
(三)結(jié)尾掀起高潮。
經(jīng)過(guò)開(kāi)頭和主體部分的蓄勢(shì),演講者和聽(tīng)眾的情緒都已水到渠成達(dá)到了最高峰,這時(shí)應(yīng)該安排一個(gè)有力的結(jié)尾,總結(jié)全文突出主題、掀起高潮、摧人奮發(fā),給聽(tīng)眾留下一個(gè)更強(qiáng)烈的回味無(wú)窮的印象,演講的結(jié)尾應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)潔明快,精彩有力,切忌虎頭蛇尾、枯燥冗長(zhǎng)、當(dāng)斷不斷、落入俗套。演講的結(jié)尾方式多種多樣,可重復(fù)本文論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào),可直抒胸臆進(jìn)行呼吁,可發(fā)表宏誓鼓動(dòng)聽(tīng)眾,可展望未來(lái)給人希望等等。
五、語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)通俗易懂
演講的語(yǔ)言是介乎口語(yǔ)與文學(xué)語(yǔ)言之間的,它既要求遣詞造句簡(jiǎn)練明確、通俗易懂,又要求表情意生動(dòng)形象富于美感,才能既讓人聽(tīng)得懂,又讓人喜歡聽(tīng)。演講語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用得好能使演講內(nèi)容插上翅膀,否則詞不達(dá)意,談而列味,便寸步難行。演講語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用要求:
(一)體人。是指演講者要用聽(tīng)眾能聽(tīng)得懂的語(yǔ)言講話(huà),根據(jù)聽(tīng)眾的文化層次造擇語(yǔ)言形式,做到語(yǔ)義明白曉暢,不故弄玄虛,不使用晦澀生僻的語(yǔ)詞,應(yīng)將自己的思想和感情直白地表達(dá)出來(lái)。
(二)個(gè)性化。演講語(yǔ)言應(yīng)體現(xiàn)深厚演講者處人獨(dú)特的風(fēng)格,個(gè)性化的語(yǔ)言自然真誠(chéng),能給人留下深刻的印象,聽(tīng)眾從演講者或沉郁、或激昂、或詼諧、或充滿(mǎn)哲理的語(yǔ)言中能洞察演講者的個(gè)性與人格,而人格的魅力往往比語(yǔ)言的吸引力更強(qiáng)大。
(三)有激情。演講中內(nèi)心的激情主要是通過(guò)充滿(mǎn)感情的語(yǔ)言表露出來(lái)。演講語(yǔ)言切忌平淡乏味、有理無(wú)情,這樣的演講連自己都感動(dòng)不了,如何能感染聽(tīng)眾呢?因此撰寫(xiě)演講稿要多用氣勢(shì)磅礴的排比句、情緒飽滿(mǎn)的設(shè)問(wèn)句、直抒胸臆的感嘆句等,使語(yǔ)言鏗鏘有力、氣勢(shì)逼人,把聽(tīng)眾拉入語(yǔ)言所塑造的氛圍中,跟隨演講者亦悲亦喜痛亦怒。
第2篇 如何寫(xiě)好英語(yǔ)演講稿
下面小編分享如何寫(xiě)好英語(yǔ)演講稿,一起學(xué)習(xí)一下吧,希望對(duì)您有幫助!
無(wú)論在學(xué)習(xí)還是工作中,我們都會(huì)接觸或用到各類(lèi)英語(yǔ)演講,小到課堂作業(yè)和工作匯報(bào),大到會(huì)議發(fā)言和職位競(jìng)選。那么如何才能打造精彩的英語(yǔ)演講稿呢?下面筆者就以喬布斯2022年斯坦福大學(xué)畢業(yè)演講稿為范本來(lái)具體剖析一下英語(yǔ)演講稿的寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn),幫助大家了解其基本寫(xiě)作要領(lǐng)。i’d just turned 30.”數(shù)據(jù)很直觀,能讓聽(tīng)眾更直接地認(rèn)識(shí)和理解演講內(nèi)容。 結(jié)尾有“道”,畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛 演講的結(jié)尾往往需要起到“畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛”的作用,要盡量做到意味深長(zhǎng)、啟發(fā)思考。開(kāi)篇和正文再好,如果結(jié)尾過(guò)于平淡,整個(gè)演講的精彩程度也會(huì)大打折扣。那么如何做到結(jié)尾有“道”呢?首先我們來(lái)看看喬布斯的這篇演講稿,他的結(jié)尾比開(kāi)篇更加出彩,采用的是“引文結(jié)尾”的方式,達(dá)到了引人深思的效果。他在結(jié)尾說(shuō)道:“stewart and his team put out several issues of the whole earth catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. it was the mid-1970s, and i was your age. on the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. beneath it were the words ‘stay hungry. stay foolish.’ it was their farewell message as they signed off. stay hungry. stay foolish. and i have always wished that for myself. and now, as you graduate to begin anew, i wish that for you. stay hungry. stay foolish.”喬布斯不僅在演講結(jié)尾引用了這句“stay hungry. stay foolish”(求知若渴,虛懷若谷),而且重復(fù)三遍,強(qiáng)化了聽(tīng)眾的印象。這句話(huà)后來(lái)也被廣泛傳播,被譽(yù)為該篇演講的精髓。
除了喬布斯這種“引文結(jié)尾”的方式,常見(jiàn)的演講結(jié)尾方式還有如下幾種:①總結(jié)演講。對(duì)演講中的各個(gè)論點(diǎn)或要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單總結(jié)和梳理,加深聽(tīng)眾的印象。②強(qiáng)有力的陳述。這種方式不同于引用他人之言,往往是演講者自己的總結(jié)和心聲。一個(gè)非常經(jīng)典的例子是patrick henry的演講“liberty or death”。他在結(jié)尾時(shí)說(shuō)道:“is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? forbid it, almighty god! i know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!”③首尾呼應(yīng)。在演講結(jié)尾對(duì)開(kāi)篇提到的主題和重點(diǎn)進(jìn)行重新闡述,這是體現(xiàn)
結(jié)構(gòu)清楚,邏輯清晰
指出演講話(huà)題的重要性。比如要做一場(chǎng)關(guān)于“英語(yǔ)演講的藝術(shù)”的演講,演講者在一開(kāi)始就可以指出該演講對(duì)于聽(tīng)眾今后的學(xué)習(xí)、工作將會(huì)有很大幫助,甚至可以給出一些數(shù)據(jù)和實(shí)例,讓聽(tīng)眾明白不聽(tīng)這個(gè)演講將會(huì)是一個(gè)損失,這樣聽(tīng)眾就會(huì)樂(lè)于認(rèn)真聽(tīng)演講了。②使聽(tīng)眾感到震驚。例如要做一場(chǎng)關(guān)于“生活方式與疾病”的演講,開(kāi)篇就可以給出一組極具沖擊力的數(shù)據(jù),讓聽(tīng)眾看到生活方式不健康將會(huì)產(chǎn)生多么可怕的后果,這樣的震驚能夠使聽(tīng)眾快速調(diào)整狀態(tài),投入到聽(tīng)演講中去。③ 引起聽(tīng)眾的好奇心。演講者可以在開(kāi)篇指出一種特別的現(xiàn)象,聽(tīng)眾出于好奇就會(huì)認(rèn)真聽(tīng)演講,想知道演講者如何分析或解釋。④向觀眾提問(wèn)。演講者可以在開(kāi)篇提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題,這樣可以引發(fā)聽(tīng)眾的思考,也會(huì)引導(dǎo)他們?nèi)ヂ?tīng)演講者如何解答問(wèn)題。此外,也可以在開(kāi)篇引用一段名言,或是講述一個(gè)故事等,這些基本的開(kāi)篇方式被無(wú)數(shù)的演講證明是實(shí)用而且有效的。 觀點(diǎn)明確,支撐有效 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),在演講稿中,主體段的信息量最大,寫(xiě)作量也最大。如何清晰地闡釋演講者的觀點(diǎn)或演講要點(diǎn),如何用相關(guān)事實(shí)有效地支撐演講者的各個(gè)論點(diǎn)或要點(diǎn),是演講稿主體段寫(xiě)作時(shí)應(yīng)該把握的關(guān)鍵。喬布斯在斯坦福大學(xué)的畢業(yè)演講中明確給出了三個(gè)要點(diǎn):① the first story is about connecting the dots. ② my second story is about love and loss. ③ my third story is about death.為了清晰、有效地闡述自己想要表達(dá)的這三個(gè)要點(diǎn),他運(yùn)用了以下三種手段:首先是舉例子。喬布斯在演講中用了大量的事例來(lái)說(shuō)明他怎么對(duì)待學(xué)習(xí)、工作和死亡。比如他說(shuō)自己讀書(shū)時(shí)旁聽(tīng)有意思的書(shū)法課程,這些課在當(dāng)時(shí)對(duì)他沒(méi)什么實(shí)質(zhì)幫助,但是十年后在當(dāng)他設(shè)計(jì)第一款macintosh電腦的時(shí)候,這些東西全派上了用場(chǎng),這個(gè)例子充分說(shuō)明了他演講的第一個(gè)要點(diǎn)——串起生命中的點(diǎn)滴。另一個(gè)手段是引用。喬布斯在演講中引用了一些名言警句來(lái)闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)。比如在講到死亡時(shí),他引用了一句格言:“if you live each day as if it was your last, someday you’ll most certainly be right.”這句話(huà)表明了他對(duì)于生命和死亡的看法,使聽(tīng)眾印象深刻。第三個(gè)手段是數(shù)據(jù)支持。在講第二個(gè)故事——關(guān)于愛(ài)和失去時(shí),喬布斯用了一系列數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)支撐自己的觀點(diǎn)。他說(shuō)自己是幸運(yùn)的,因?yàn)?ldquo;woz and i started apple in my parents’ garage when i was 20. we worked hard, and in 10 years apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. we’d just released our finest creation—the macintosh—a year earlier, and
由于公共演講的聽(tīng)眾一般有數(shù)十人甚至數(shù)百、數(shù)千人,再加上演講環(huán)境的不確定性(比如觀眾的歡呼或者抱怨),演講者最好在進(jìn)入主題之后馬上給出所講內(nèi)容的框架結(jié)構(gòu),使聽(tīng)眾能跟隨演講者的思路,更好地預(yù)判整個(gè)演講內(nèi)容,以達(dá)到良好的演講效果。比如,喬布斯在2022年斯坦福大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上的演講中,開(kāi)篇稍微寒暄之后就進(jìn)入正題:“today i want to tell you three stories from my life. that’s it. no big deal. just three stories.”聽(tīng)眾馬上能對(duì)演講內(nèi)容做出預(yù)判——今天會(huì)聽(tīng)到喬布斯談三點(diǎn),然后他們會(huì)關(guān)注具體是哪三點(diǎn)。這種演講就具備了“以觀眾為中心”的特質(zhì)。喬布斯在隨后的演講中分別提到,“the first story is about connecting the dots.”“my second story is about love and loss.”“my third story is about death.”由于演講思路非常明晰,聽(tīng)眾在聽(tīng)完之后也會(huì)記憶猶新。
i’d just turned 30.”數(shù)據(jù)很直觀,能讓聽(tīng)眾更直接地認(rèn)識(shí)和理解演講內(nèi)容。
結(jié)尾有“道”,畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛 演講的結(jié)尾往往需要起到“畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛”的作用,要盡量做到意味深長(zhǎng)、啟發(fā)思考。開(kāi)篇和正文再好,如果結(jié)尾過(guò)于平淡,整個(gè)演講的精彩程度也會(huì)大打折扣。那么如何做到結(jié)尾有“道”呢?首先我們來(lái)看看喬布斯的這篇演講稿,他的結(jié)尾比開(kāi)篇更加出彩,采用的是“引文結(jié)尾”的方式,達(dá)到了引人深思的效果。他在結(jié)尾說(shuō)道:“stewart and his team put out several issues of the whole earth catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. it was the mid-1970s, and i was your age. on the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. beneath it were the words ‘stay hungry. stay foolish.’ it was their farewell message as they signed off. stay hungry. stay foolish. and i have always wished that for myself. and now, as you graduate to begin anew, i wish that for you. stay hungry. stay foolish.”喬布斯不僅在演講結(jié)尾引用了這句“stay hungry. stay foolish”(求知若渴,虛懷若谷),而且重復(fù)三遍,強(qiáng)化了聽(tīng)眾的印象。這句話(huà)后來(lái)也被廣泛傳播,被譽(yù)為該篇演講的精髓。
除了喬布斯這種“引文結(jié)尾”的方式,常見(jiàn)的演講結(jié)尾方式還有如下幾種:①總結(jié)演講。對(duì)演講中的各個(gè)論點(diǎn)或要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單總結(jié)和梳理,加深聽(tīng)眾的印象。② 強(qiáng)有力的陳述。這種方式不同于引用他人之言,往往是演講者自己的總結(jié)和心聲。一個(gè)非常經(jīng)典的例子是patrick henry的演講“liberty or death”。他在結(jié)尾時(shí)說(shuō)道:“is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? forbid it, almighty god! i know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!”③首尾呼應(yīng)。在演講結(jié)尾對(duì)開(kāi)篇提到的主題和重點(diǎn)進(jìn)行重新闡述,這是體現(xiàn)
當(dāng)然,演講稿在結(jié)構(gòu)方面的邏輯順序有許多種,喬布斯的這篇演講是按照話(huà)題順序和時(shí)間順序來(lái)安排的。除此之外,還有空間順序,“提出問(wèn)題——分析問(wèn)題——解決問(wèn)題”的順序等。大家可以根據(jù)不同演講內(nèi)容的需要來(lái)安排自己演講稿的邏輯順序和整體結(jié)構(gòu)。
開(kāi)篇出彩,吸引聽(tīng)眾
演講稿的開(kāi)篇往往需要花費(fèi)大量的功夫去設(shè)計(jì)。在寫(xiě)作開(kāi)篇時(shí),演講者需要結(jié)合聽(tīng)眾特點(diǎn)、演講場(chǎng)合和演講主題等因素,爭(zhēng)取在一開(kāi)始就緊緊抓住聽(tīng)眾的注意力和興趣。下面筆者就介紹一下基本的演講開(kāi)篇模式,供大家以后寫(xiě)作演講稿參考。
演講內(nèi)在統(tǒng)一性的經(jīng)典形式,值得借鑒。 為了更加有效地掌握文中講到的寫(xiě)作演講稿的要點(diǎn),筆者建議大家做到以下三點(diǎn):
①多看。多看一些演講素材,比如名人演講、演講比賽優(yōu)秀選手的演講等,積累大量的一手素材;也有必要閱讀一些關(guān)于英語(yǔ)公共演講的書(shū)籍,筆者在此推薦stephen e. lucas的《演講的藝術(shù)》(the art of public speaking)一書(shū)。
②多想。學(xué)會(huì)分析這些演講之所以精彩的原因,可以從筆者上面講的幾點(diǎn)入手分析。
③多練。在有了一定的積累之后,要大量練習(xí)寫(xiě)作演講稿,話(huà)題可以從日常學(xué)習(xí)和工作中選取,這樣練習(xí)起來(lái)會(huì)更有興趣和成就感。
演講稿開(kāi)篇的目的是吸引聽(tīng)眾。喬布斯在他的演講稿開(kāi)篇使用的是“關(guān)聯(lián)話(huà)題與聽(tīng)眾”的方式。這是一種比較有效的方法,因?yàn)槿藗円话銓?duì)自己的事情都很關(guān)注,和自己相關(guān)的事情也會(huì)格外留意。喬布斯在演講開(kāi)篇說(shuō)道:“i am honored to be with you today for your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. truth be told, i never graduated from college. and this is the closest i’ve ever gotten to a college graduation.”高度贊美斯坦福大學(xué)——這就是在與聽(tīng)眾發(fā)生關(guān)聯(lián)。喬布斯就是通過(guò)這種方式讓聽(tīng)眾一開(kāi)始就對(duì)自己產(chǎn)生好感或?qū)ψ约旱难葜v內(nèi)容產(chǎn)生興趣。當(dāng)然,喬布斯還用了適當(dāng)?shù)挠哪?,更好地融洽了與聽(tīng)眾的關(guān)系。
演講內(nèi)在統(tǒng)一性的經(jīng)典形式,值得借鑒。 為了更加有效地掌握文中講到的寫(xiě)作演講稿的要點(diǎn),筆者建議大家做到以下三點(diǎn):①多看。多看一些演講素材,比如名人演講、演講比賽優(yōu)秀選手的演講等,積累大量的一手素材;也有必要閱讀一些關(guān)于英語(yǔ)公共演講的書(shū)籍,筆者在此推薦stephen e. lucas的《演講的藝術(shù)》(the art of public speaking)一書(shū)。②多想。學(xué)會(huì)分析這些演講之所以精彩的原因,可以從筆者上面講的幾點(diǎn)入手分析。③多練。在有了一定的積累之后,要大量練習(xí)寫(xiě)作演講稿,話(huà)題可以從日常學(xué)習(xí)和工作中選取,這樣練習(xí)起來(lái)會(huì)更有興趣和成就感。 (本文選自《新東方英語(yǔ)》雜志2022年2月號(hào))
除了喬布斯的這種開(kāi)篇方式外,我們還需要了解和掌握其他一些開(kāi)篇方式:①指出演講話(huà)題的重要性。比如要做一場(chǎng)關(guān)于“英語(yǔ)演講的藝術(shù)”的演講,演講者在一開(kāi)始就可以指出該演講對(duì)于聽(tīng)眾今后的學(xué)習(xí)、工作將會(huì)有很大幫助,甚至可以給出一些數(shù)據(jù)和實(shí)例,讓聽(tīng)眾明白不聽(tīng)這個(gè)演講將會(huì)是一個(gè)損失,這樣聽(tīng)眾就會(huì)樂(lè)于認(rèn)真聽(tīng)演講了。②使聽(tīng)眾感到震驚。例如要做一場(chǎng)關(guān)于“生活方式與疾病”的演講,開(kāi)篇就可以給出一組極具沖擊力的數(shù)據(jù),讓聽(tīng)眾看到生活方式不健康將會(huì)產(chǎn)生多么可怕的后果,這樣的震驚能夠使聽(tīng)眾快速調(diào)整狀態(tài),投入到聽(tīng)演講中去。③引起聽(tīng)眾的好奇心。演講者可以在開(kāi)篇指出一種特別的現(xiàn)象,聽(tīng)眾出于好奇就會(huì)認(rèn)真聽(tīng)演講,想知道演講者如何分析或解釋。④向觀眾提問(wèn)。演講者可以在開(kāi)篇提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題,這樣可以引發(fā)聽(tīng)眾的思考,也會(huì)引導(dǎo)他們?nèi)ヂ?tīng)演講者如何解答問(wèn)題。此外,也可以在開(kāi)篇引用一段名言,或是講述一個(gè)故事等,這些基本的開(kāi)篇方式被無(wú)數(shù)的演講證明是實(shí)用而且有效的。
i’d just turned 30.”數(shù)據(jù)很直觀,能讓聽(tīng)眾更直接地認(rèn)識(shí)和理解演講內(nèi)容。 結(jié)尾有“道”,畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛 演講的結(jié)尾往往需要起到“畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛”的作用,要盡量做到意味深長(zhǎng)、啟發(fā)思考。開(kāi)篇和正文再好,如果結(jié)尾過(guò)于平淡,整個(gè)演講的精彩程度也會(huì)大打折扣。那么如何做到結(jié)尾有“道”呢?首先我們來(lái)看看喬布斯的這篇演講稿,他的結(jié)尾比開(kāi)篇更加出彩,采用的是“引文結(jié)尾”的方式,達(dá)到了引人深思的效果。他在結(jié)尾說(shuō)道:“stewart and his team put out several issues of the whole earth catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. it was the mid-1970s, and i was your age. on the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. beneath it were the words ‘stay hungry. stay foolish.’ it was their farewell message as they signed off. stay hungry. stay foolish. and i have always wished that for myself. and now, as you graduate to begin anew, i wish that for you. stay hungry. stay foolish.”喬布斯不僅在演講結(jié)尾引用了這句“stay hungry. stay foolish”(求知若渴,虛懷若谷),而且重復(fù)三遍,強(qiáng)化了聽(tīng)眾的印象。這句話(huà)后來(lái)也被廣泛傳播,被譽(yù)為該篇演講的精髓。 除了喬布斯這種“引文結(jié)尾”的方式,常見(jiàn)的演講結(jié)尾方式還有如下幾種:①總結(jié)演講。對(duì)演講中的各個(gè)論點(diǎn)或要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單總結(jié)和梳理,加深聽(tīng)眾的印象。② 強(qiáng)有力的陳述。這種方式不同于引用他人之言,往往是演講者自己的總結(jié)和心聲。一個(gè)非常經(jīng)典的例子是patrick henry的演講“liberty or death”。他在結(jié)尾時(shí)說(shuō)道:“is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? forbid it, almighty god! i know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!”③首尾呼應(yīng)。在演講結(jié)尾對(duì)開(kāi)篇提到的主題和重點(diǎn)進(jìn)行重新闡述,這是體現(xiàn) 觀點(diǎn)明確,支撐有效
毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),在演講稿中,主體段的信息量最大,寫(xiě)作量也最大。如何清晰地闡釋演講者的觀點(diǎn)或演講要點(diǎn),如何用相關(guān)事實(shí)有效地支撐演講者的各個(gè)論點(diǎn)或要點(diǎn),是演講稿主體段寫(xiě)作時(shí)應(yīng)該把握的關(guān)鍵。喬布斯在斯坦福大學(xué)的畢業(yè)演講中明確給出了三個(gè)要點(diǎn):① the first story is about connecting the dots. ② my second story is about love and loss. ③ my third story is about death.為了清晰、有效地闡述自己想要表達(dá)的這三個(gè)要點(diǎn),他運(yùn)用了以下三種手段:首先是舉例子。喬布斯在演講中用了大量的事例來(lái)說(shuō)明他怎么對(duì)待學(xué)習(xí)、工作和死亡。比如他說(shuō)自己讀書(shū)時(shí)旁聽(tīng)有意思的書(shū)法課程,這些課在當(dāng)時(shí)對(duì)他沒(méi)什么實(shí)質(zhì)幫助,但是十年后在當(dāng)他設(shè)計(jì)第一款macintosh電腦的時(shí)候,這些東西全派上了用場(chǎng),這個(gè)例子充分說(shuō)明了他演講的第一個(gè)要點(diǎn)——串起生命中的點(diǎn)滴。另一個(gè)手段是引用。喬布斯在演講中引用了一些名言警句來(lái)闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)。比如在講到死亡時(shí),他引用了一句格言:“if you live each day as if it was your last, someday you’ll most certainly be right.”這句話(huà)表明了他對(duì)于生命和死亡的看法,使聽(tīng)眾印象深刻。第三個(gè)手段是數(shù)據(jù)支持。在講第二個(gè)故事——關(guān)于愛(ài)和失去時(shí),喬布斯用了一系列數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)支撐自己的觀點(diǎn)。他說(shuō)自己是幸運(yùn)的,因?yàn)?ldquo;woz and i started apple in my parents’ garage when i was 20. we worked hard, and in 10 years apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. we’d just released our finest creation—the macintosh—a year earlier, and i’d just turned 30.”數(shù)據(jù)很直觀,能讓聽(tīng)眾更直接地認(rèn)識(shí)和理解演講內(nèi)容。
i’d just turned 30.”數(shù)據(jù)很直觀,能讓聽(tīng)眾更直接地認(rèn)識(shí)和理解演講內(nèi)容。
結(jié)尾有“道”,畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛
演講的結(jié)尾往往需要起到“畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛”的作用,要盡量做到意味深長(zhǎng)、啟發(fā)思考。開(kāi)篇和正文再好,如果結(jié)尾過(guò)于平淡,整個(gè)演講的精彩程度也會(huì)大打折扣。那么如何做到結(jié)尾有“道”呢?首先我們來(lái)看看喬布斯的這篇演講稿,他的結(jié)尾比開(kāi)篇更加出彩,采用的是“引文結(jié)尾”的方式,達(dá)到了引人深思的效果。他在結(jié)尾說(shuō)道:“stewart and his team put out several issues of the whole earth catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. it was the mid-1970s, and i was your age. on the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. beneath it were the words ‘stay hungry. stay foolish.’ it was their farewell message as they signed off. stay hungry. stay foolish. and i have always wished that for myself. and now, as you graduate to begin anew, i wish that for you. stay hungry. stay foolish.”喬布斯不僅在演講結(jié)尾引用了這句“stay hungry. stay foolish”(求知若渴,虛懷若谷),而且重復(fù)三遍,強(qiáng)化了聽(tīng)眾的印象。這句話(huà)后來(lái)也被廣泛傳播,被譽(yù)為該篇演講的精髓。 除了喬布斯這種“引文結(jié)尾”的方式,常見(jiàn)的演講結(jié)尾方式還有如下幾種:①總結(jié)演講。對(duì)演講中的各個(gè)論點(diǎn)或要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單總結(jié)和梳理,加深聽(tīng)眾的印象。② 強(qiáng)有力的陳述。這種方式不同于引用他人之言,往往是演講者自己的總結(jié)和心聲。一個(gè)非常經(jīng)典的例子是patrick henry的演講“liberty or death”。他在結(jié)尾時(shí)說(shuō)道:“is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? forbid it, almighty god! i know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!”③首尾呼應(yīng)。
第3篇 從喬布斯演講看如何寫(xiě)作英語(yǔ)演講稿范例
無(wú)論在學(xué)習(xí)還是工作中,我們都會(huì)接觸或用到各類(lèi)英語(yǔ)演講,小到課堂作業(yè)和工作匯報(bào),大到會(huì)議發(fā)言和職位競(jìng)選。那么如何才能打造精彩的英語(yǔ)演講稿呢?下面筆者就以喬布斯__年斯坦福大學(xué)畢業(yè)演講稿為范本來(lái)具體剖析一下英語(yǔ)演講稿的寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn),幫助大家了解其基本寫(xiě)作要領(lǐng)。
結(jié)構(gòu)清楚,邏輯清晰
由于公共演講的聽(tīng)眾一般有數(shù)十人甚至數(shù)百、數(shù)千人,再加上演講環(huán)境的不確定性(比如觀眾的歡呼或者抱怨),演講者最好在進(jìn)入主題之后馬上給出所講內(nèi)容的框架結(jié)構(gòu),使聽(tīng)眾能跟隨演講者的思路,更好地預(yù)判整個(gè)演講內(nèi)容,以達(dá)到良好的演講效果。比如,喬布斯在__年斯坦福大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上的演講中,開(kāi)篇稍微寒暄之后就進(jìn)入正題:“today i want to tell you three stories from my life. that’s it. no big deal. just three stories.”聽(tīng)眾馬上能對(duì)演講內(nèi)容做出預(yù)判——今天會(huì)聽(tīng)到喬布斯談三點(diǎn),然后他們會(huì)關(guān)注具體是哪三點(diǎn)。這種演講就具備了“以觀眾為中心”的特質(zhì)。喬布斯在隨后的演講中分別提到,“the first story is about connecting the dots.”“my second story is about love and loss.”“my third story is about death.”由于演講思路非常明晰,聽(tīng)眾在聽(tīng)完之后也會(huì)記憶猶新。
當(dāng)然,演講稿在結(jié)構(gòu)方面的邏輯順序有許多種,喬布斯的這篇演講是按照話(huà)題順序和時(shí)間順序來(lái)安排的。除此之外,還有空間順序,“提出問(wèn)題——分析問(wèn)題——解決問(wèn)題”的順序等。大家可以根據(jù)不同演講內(nèi)容的需要來(lái)安排自己演講稿的邏輯順序和整體結(jié)構(gòu)。
開(kāi)篇出彩,吸引聽(tīng)眾
演講稿的開(kāi)篇往往需要花費(fèi)大量的功夫去設(shè)計(jì)。在寫(xiě)作開(kāi)篇時(shí),演講者需要結(jié)合聽(tīng)眾特點(diǎn)、演講場(chǎng)合和演講主題等因素,爭(zhēng)取在一開(kāi)始就緊緊抓住聽(tīng)眾的注意力和興趣。下面筆者就介紹一下基本的演講開(kāi)篇模式,供大家以后寫(xiě)作演講稿參考。
演講稿開(kāi)篇的目的是吸引聽(tīng)眾。喬布斯在他的演講稿開(kāi)篇使用的是“關(guān)聯(lián)話(huà)題與聽(tīng)眾”的方式。這是一種比較有效的方法,因?yàn)槿藗円话銓?duì)自己的事情都很關(guān)注,和自己相關(guān)的事情也會(huì)格外留意。喬布斯在演講開(kāi)篇說(shuō)道:“i am honored to be with you today for your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. truth be told, i never graduated from college. and this is the closest i’ve ever gotten to a college graduation.”高度贊美斯坦福大學(xué)——這就是在與聽(tīng)眾發(fā)生關(guān)聯(lián)。喬布斯就是通過(guò)這種方式讓聽(tīng)眾一開(kāi)始就對(duì)自己產(chǎn)生好感或?qū)ψ约旱难葜v內(nèi)容產(chǎn)生興趣。當(dāng)然,喬布斯還用了適當(dāng)?shù)挠哪?,更好地融洽了與聽(tīng)眾的關(guān)系。
除了喬布斯的這種開(kāi)篇方式外,我們還需要了解和掌握其他一些開(kāi)篇方式:①指出演講話(huà)題的重要性。比如要做一場(chǎng)關(guān)于“英語(yǔ)演講的藝術(shù)”的演講,演講者在一開(kāi)始就可以指出該演講對(duì)于聽(tīng)眾今后的學(xué)習(xí)、工作將會(huì)有很大幫助,甚至可以給出一些數(shù)據(jù)和實(shí)例,讓聽(tīng)眾明白不聽(tīng)這個(gè)演講將會(huì)是一個(gè)損失,這樣聽(tīng)眾就會(huì)樂(lè)于認(rèn)真聽(tīng)演講了。②使聽(tīng)眾感到震驚。例如要做一場(chǎng)關(guān)于“生活方式與疾病”的演講,開(kāi)篇就可以給出一組極具沖擊力的數(shù)據(jù),讓聽(tīng)眾看到生活方式不健康將會(huì)產(chǎn)生多么可怕的后果,這樣的震驚能夠使聽(tīng)眾快速調(diào)整狀態(tài),投入到聽(tīng)演講中去。③引起聽(tīng)眾的好奇心。演講者可以在開(kāi)篇指出一種特別的現(xiàn)象,聽(tīng)眾出于好奇就會(huì)認(rèn)真聽(tīng)演講,想知道演講者如何分析或解釋。④向觀眾提問(wèn)。演講者可以在開(kāi)篇提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題,這樣可以引發(fā)聽(tīng)眾的思考,也會(huì)引導(dǎo)他們?nèi)ヂ?tīng)演講者如何解答問(wèn)題。此外,也可以在開(kāi)篇引用一段名言,或是講述一個(gè)故事等,這些基本的開(kāi)篇方式被無(wú)數(shù)的演講證明是實(shí)用而且有效的。
觀點(diǎn)明確,支撐有效
毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),在演講稿中,主體段的信息量最大,寫(xiě)作量也最大。如何清晰地闡釋演講者的觀點(diǎn)或演講要點(diǎn),如何用相關(guān)事實(shí)有效地支撐演講者的各個(gè)論點(diǎn)或要點(diǎn),是演講稿主體段寫(xiě)作時(shí)應(yīng)該把握的關(guān)鍵。喬布斯在斯坦福大學(xué)的畢業(yè)演講中明確給出了三個(gè)要點(diǎn):① the first story is about connecting the dots. ② my second story is about love and loss. ③ my third story is about death.為了清晰、有效地闡述自己想要表達(dá)的這三個(gè)要點(diǎn),他運(yùn)用了以下三種手段:首先是舉例子。喬布斯在演講中用了大量的事例來(lái)說(shuō)明他怎么對(duì)待學(xué)習(xí)、工作和死亡。比如他說(shuō)自己讀書(shū)時(shí)旁聽(tīng)有意思的書(shū)法課程,這些課在當(dāng)時(shí)對(duì)他沒(méi)什么實(shí)質(zhì)幫助,但是十年后在當(dāng)他設(shè)計(jì)第一款macintosh電腦的時(shí)候,這些東西全派上了用場(chǎng),這個(gè)例子充分說(shuō)明了他演講的第一個(gè)要點(diǎn)——串起生命中的點(diǎn)滴。另一個(gè)手段是引用。喬布斯在演講中引用了一些名言警句來(lái)闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)。比如在講到死亡時(shí),他引用了一句格言:“if you live each day as if it was your last, someday you’ll most certainly be right.”這句話(huà)表明了他對(duì)于生命和死亡的看法,使聽(tīng)眾印象深刻。第三個(gè)手段是數(shù)據(jù)支持。在講第二個(gè)故事——關(guān)于愛(ài)和失去時(shí),喬布斯用了一系列數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)支撐自己的觀點(diǎn)。他說(shuō)自己是幸運(yùn)的,因?yàn)椤皐oz and i started apple in my parents’ garage when i was 20. we worked hard, and in 10 years apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. we’d just released our finest creation—the macintosh—a year earlier, and i’d just turned 30.”數(shù)據(jù)很直觀,能讓聽(tīng)眾更直接地認(rèn)識(shí)和理解演講內(nèi)容。
結(jié)尾有“道”,畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛
演講的結(jié)尾往往需要起到“畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛”的作用,要盡量做到意味深長(zhǎng)、啟發(fā)思考。開(kāi)篇和正文再好,如果結(jié)尾過(guò)于平淡,整個(gè)演講的精彩程度也會(huì)大打折扣。那么如何做到結(jié)尾有“道”呢?首先我們來(lái)看看喬布斯的這篇演講稿,他的結(jié)尾比開(kāi)篇更加出彩,采用的是“引文結(jié)尾”的方式,達(dá)到了引人深思的效果。他在結(jié)尾說(shuō)道:“stewart and his team put out several issues of the whole earth catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. it was the mid-1970s, and i was your age. on the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. beneath it were the words ‘stay hungry. stay foolish.’ it was their farewell message as they signed off. stay hungry. stay foolish. and i have always wished that for myself. and now, as you graduate to begin anew, i wish that for you. stay hungry. stay foolish.”喬布斯不僅在演講結(jié)尾引用了這句“stay hungry. stay foolish”(求知若渴,虛懷若谷),而且重復(fù)三遍,強(qiáng)化了聽(tīng)眾的印象。這句話(huà)后來(lái)也被廣泛傳播,被譽(yù)為該篇演講的精髓。
除了喬布斯這種“引文結(jié)尾”的方式,常見(jiàn)的演講結(jié)尾方式還有如下幾種:①總結(jié)演講。對(duì)演講中的各個(gè)論點(diǎn)或要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單總結(jié)和梳理,加深聽(tīng)眾的印象。②強(qiáng)有力的陳述。這種方式不同于引用他人之言,往往是演講者自己的總結(jié)和心聲。一個(gè)非常經(jīng)典的例子是patrick henry的演講“l(fā)iberty or death”。他在結(jié)尾時(shí)說(shuō)道:“is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? forbid it, almighty god! i know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!”③首尾呼應(yīng)。在演講結(jié)尾對(duì)開(kāi)篇提到的主題和重點(diǎn)進(jìn)行重新闡述,這是體現(xiàn)演講內(nèi)在統(tǒng)一性的經(jīng)典形式,值得借鑒。
為了更加有效地掌握文中講到的寫(xiě)作演講稿的要點(diǎn),筆者建議大家做到以下三點(diǎn):①多看。多看一些演講素材,比如名人演講、演講比賽優(yōu)秀選手的演講等,積累大量的一手素材;也有必要閱讀一些關(guān)于英語(yǔ)公共演講的書(shū)籍,筆者在此推薦stephen e. lucas的《演講的藝術(shù)》(the art of public speaking)一書(shū)。②多想。學(xué)會(huì)分析這些演講之所以精彩的原因,可以從筆者上面講的幾點(diǎn)入手分析。③多練。在有了一定的積累之后,要大量練習(xí)寫(xiě)作演講稿,話(huà)題可以從日常學(xué)習(xí)和工作中選取,這樣練習(xí)起來(lái)會(huì)更有興趣和成就感。
第4篇 如何寫(xiě)出精彩的英語(yǔ)演講稿
當(dāng)今社會(huì),交流溝通變得異常重要,而公共英語(yǔ)演講就是其最常見(jiàn)和有效的手段之一。無(wú)論是在學(xué)習(xí)還是工作中,我們會(huì)越來(lái)越多地接觸到公共英語(yǔ)演講,小到課堂的presentation、工作中的團(tuán)建,大到學(xué)術(shù)大會(huì)上的發(fā)言、總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選。那么,如何才能寫(xiě)出精彩的英語(yǔ)演講稿呢?對(duì)于初學(xué)者來(lái)講,怎么把握其寫(xiě)作的關(guān)鍵呢?下面,我將從大家熟知并廣為推崇的喬布斯__年斯坦福大學(xué)的畢業(yè)演講稿為范本,給大家具體剖析精彩英語(yǔ)演講稿的寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn),以幫助大家進(jìn)一步了解其基本寫(xiě)作要領(lǐng)和指導(dǎo)大家的寫(xiě)作實(shí)踐。
一、結(jié)構(gòu)清楚,邏輯明晰
由于公共演講一般受眾為數(shù)十人甚至數(shù)百、數(shù)千人,再加上演講環(huán)境的不確定性(比如:觀眾的歡呼,或者抱怨),最好在進(jìn)入主題后馬上給出所講內(nèi)容的邏輯框架,以便聽(tīng)眾更好的預(yù)判整個(gè)演講內(nèi)容,有利于他們更好地跟隨演講者的思路,達(dá)到良好的演講效果。比如,喬布斯在該次演講中,開(kāi)篇稍微寒暄開(kāi)篇之后,就進(jìn)入正題,“today i want to tell you three stories from my life. that's it. no big deal. just three stories.”學(xué)生們馬上能做出邏輯預(yù)判,我們今天會(huì)聽(tīng)到喬布斯談三點(diǎn),然后具體關(guān)注是哪三點(diǎn),這種演講就具備了“audience-centeredness”(以觀眾為中心)的特質(zhì)。喬布斯在隨后的演講中明確提到,“the first story is about connecting the dots. my second story is about love and loss. my third story is about death.”由于這種明晰的思路,聽(tīng)眾在聽(tīng)完之后也會(huì)記憶猶新,不會(huì)覺(jué)得頭腦混亂,毫無(wú)所得。
當(dāng)然,演講稿的邏輯安排有多種方式,喬布斯的這篇演講是按照topical order(話(huà)題順序)和chronological order(時(shí)間順序)來(lái)安排的。除此之外, 還有 spatial order(空間順序), problem-solutution order(提問(wèn)解決順序)等等。大家可以根據(jù)不同的演講內(nèi)容來(lái)安排自己演講稿的邏輯順序和結(jié)構(gòu)。
二、開(kāi)篇出彩,結(jié)尾有道
演講稿的開(kāi)篇和結(jié)尾往往需要花費(fèi)大量的功夫去設(shè)計(jì),這往往是精彩演講的亮點(diǎn)所在。因此,在寫(xiě)作時(shí),需要結(jié)合受眾、場(chǎng)合和演講內(nèi)容等,爭(zhēng)取一開(kāi)始就緊緊抓住聽(tīng)眾的注意力和興趣所在,結(jié)尾時(shí),盡量做到意味深長(zhǎng)、啟發(fā)思考。下面,我將給大家具體分析基本的開(kāi)篇和結(jié)尾模式,供大家以后寫(xiě)作參考。
開(kāi)篇的目的是要吸引聽(tīng)眾,喬布斯在該篇演講稿中使用的是“relate the topic to the audience'(關(guān)聯(lián)話(huà)題與聽(tīng)眾)的方式,這是一種比較有效的方法,人們一般對(duì)自己的事情都很關(guān)注,和自己相關(guān)的事情也會(huì)格外留意,喬布斯在開(kāi)篇說(shuō)到,“i am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. i never graduated from college. truth be told, i never graduated from college. this is the closest i've ever gotten to a college graduation.”高度贊美斯坦福大學(xué)是最好的大學(xué)之一,就是在與聽(tīng)眾發(fā)生關(guān)聯(lián),讓大家產(chǎn)生好感,當(dāng)然老喬還用了適當(dāng)?shù)挠哪?,更好地融洽了與聽(tīng)眾的關(guān)系,“簡(jiǎn)潔、有效”本就是喬布斯的演講風(fēng)格。除此之外,還有其他的一些開(kāi)篇方式,我們也需要了解和掌握。 1. state the importance of your topic(指出演講話(huà)題的重要性)。直接告訴聽(tīng)眾,你的演講重要在哪里。比如:今天要做的是一場(chǎng)“英語(yǔ)演講的藝術(shù)”的演講,那開(kāi)始就直接指出,該演講對(duì)于大家今后的學(xué)習(xí)工作將會(huì)有重大的幫助,甚至給出一些數(shù)據(jù)和實(shí)例,讓聽(tīng)眾明白不聽(tīng)這個(gè)演講將會(huì)是我的損失。這樣,聽(tīng)眾就會(huì)很樂(lè)意投入到該次演講中去。2. startle the audience (使聽(tīng)眾震驚)。例如:要做一場(chǎng)關(guān)于“生活方式與疾病”的演講,開(kāi)篇就可以給出一組極具沖擊力的數(shù)據(jù),讓聽(tīng)眾看到生活方式的不健康將會(huì)是多么可怕的事情,這樣的震驚使聽(tīng)眾能夠快速調(diào)整狀態(tài),投入到聽(tīng)演講中去。3. arouse the curiosity of the audience(引起聽(tīng)眾的好奇心)4. question the audience(向觀眾提問(wèn))。5. begin with a quotation(以引用開(kāi)篇)。6. tell a story (以故事開(kāi)篇)。這些基本開(kāi)篇的方式被無(wú)數(shù)的演講證明是實(shí)用而且有效的。
結(jié)尾往往可以起到“畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛”的作用,開(kāi)篇正文再好,如果結(jié)尾過(guò)于平淡,整個(gè)演講的精彩程度都會(huì)大打折扣。那么如何做到“結(jié)尾有道”呢?首先,我們來(lái)看看喬布斯的這篇演講稿,他的結(jié)尾比開(kāi)篇更加出彩,采用的是“end with a quotation”,達(dá)到的效果是特別引人深思。他在結(jié)尾說(shuō)道,“stewart and his team put out several issues of the whole earth catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. it was the mid-1970s, and i was your age. on the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitch hiking on if you were so adventurous. beneath it were the words: 'stay hungry. stay foolish.' it was their farewell message as they signed off. stay hungry. stay foolish. and i have always wished that for myself. and now, as you graduate to begin anew, i wish that for you. stay hungry. stay foolish.”他不僅在結(jié)尾引用這句“stay hungry. stay foolish”(求知若渴,虛懷若谷),而且重復(fù)三遍,強(qiáng)化聽(tīng)眾的印象,這句話(huà)也被廣泛傳播,被譽(yù)為該篇演講的“精髓”。
在結(jié)尾時(shí),可以用結(jié)束信號(hào)詞讓聽(tīng)眾明白你要準(zhǔn)備結(jié)尾了,不要讓演講結(jié)束得太突兀,比如,“in conclusion', 'let me end my speech by saying...', 'i'd like to close my speech this way.'等。具體的結(jié)尾方式很多,常見(jiàn)的有:1. summarize your speech(總結(jié)演講)。2. make a dramatic statement(強(qiáng)有力的陳述),這個(gè)不同于引用他人之言,往往是演講者自己的沉淀和吶喊,非常經(jīng)典的演講是patrick henry's legendary 'liberty or death' oration. 他在結(jié)尾時(shí)說(shuō)道,'is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? forbid it, almighty god! i know not what course others may take; but as for mw, give me liberty, or give me death.' 3. refer to the introduction(首尾呼應(yīng))。這是體現(xiàn)演講內(nèi)在統(tǒng)一的很經(jīng)典的形式,值得借鑒。
三、觀點(diǎn)闡釋?zhuān)行е?/p>
毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),主體段的信息量最大,寫(xiě)作量也是最大,如何更清晰地闡釋演講者的觀點(diǎn),有效支撐分論點(diǎn),是寫(xiě)作時(shí)應(yīng)該把握的關(guān)鍵。在明晰了寫(xiě)作邏輯之后,就要圍繞這些邏輯要點(diǎn)來(lái)展開(kāi)論證。喬布斯在斯坦福大學(xué)的畢業(yè)演講中,邏輯要點(diǎn)有三:1. the first story is about connecting the dots. 2. my second story is about love and loss. 3. my third story is about death. 他在闡釋中主要運(yùn)用了以下手段。首先,舉例子。文中用了大量的例子來(lái)說(shuō)明他怎么對(duì)待學(xué)習(xí)、工作和死亡,比如他說(shuō)起自己決定輟學(xué)然后旁聽(tīng)有意思的課程,這些課當(dāng)時(shí)對(duì)他沒(méi)什么實(shí)質(zhì)的幫助,但是十年后在當(dāng)他設(shè)計(jì)第一款macintosh 電腦的時(shí)候,這些東西全派上了用場(chǎng),這個(gè)例子充分說(shuō)明了他要講的第一個(gè)要點(diǎn)-- 串起生命中的點(diǎn)滴。在隨后的文中,喬布斯大量地講述了他事業(yè)生活中的例子,讓聽(tīng)眾感受到真實(shí)的力量和鼓舞。其次,引用。他除了在文章最后用到了引用,文中也不乏引用的痕跡,比如在講到死亡時(shí),他引用了一句格言,“if you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right.”這句話(huà)能表明他對(duì)于死亡的態(tài)度。恰到好處的引用往往能使聽(tīng)眾印象深刻。第三,數(shù)據(jù)。在講第二個(gè)故事--關(guān)于愛(ài)和失去時(shí),喬布斯用到了一系列數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)支撐觀點(diǎn)。他說(shuō)自己是幸運(yùn)的,因?yàn)?,“woz and i started apple in my parents garage when i was 20. we worked hard, and in 10 years apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. we had just released our finest creation — the macintosh — a year earlier, and i had just turned 30.”數(shù)據(jù)很直觀,能讓聽(tīng)眾有直接的認(rèn)識(shí)和理解。
除了以上提到的主體段展開(kāi)方式,還有一些常用的手段,比如:testimony(引證),可以用專(zhuān)家的觀點(diǎn)增強(qiáng)演講的信度,也可以用普通人的一手經(jīng)驗(yàn)證明自己的觀點(diǎn)。另外,大家還需要了解的是,舉例分為簡(jiǎn)短的例子,具體深入的例子和假想的例子;數(shù)據(jù)包括單一數(shù)據(jù),組合數(shù)據(jù)等等。
如何才能更加有效掌握這些演講寫(xiě)作的要點(diǎn)呢?我有三點(diǎn)建議:1.多看。多看一些演講素材,比如名人演講,演講比賽優(yōu)秀選手的演講等,積累大量的一手素材,當(dāng)然也有必要閱讀關(guān)于英語(yǔ)公共演講的書(shū)籍,本人非常推薦stephen e. lucas的《演講的藝術(shù)》。2.多想。學(xué)會(huì)分析這些演講之所以精彩的原因,可以從我上面講的幾點(diǎn)入手。3.多練。在有一定積淀和感覺(jué)之后,就要大量練習(xí)寫(xiě)作演講稿,話(huà)題可以從日常學(xué)習(xí)和工作中選取,實(shí)用性要強(qiáng),這樣練起來(lái)更有興趣和成就感。最后,大家要明白一點(diǎn),好的公共演講除了演講稿要好,還有別的很多因素絕不可忽視,比如:語(yǔ)言質(zhì)量,肢體語(yǔ)言,視覺(jué)輔助,語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào),臨場(chǎng)反應(yīng),現(xiàn)場(chǎng)把控能力等,這些結(jié)合在一起才能最終讓你成為一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的公共演講者。